## Streams

There are several objects in Vert.x that allow items to be read from and written.

In previous versions the streams.adoc package was manipulating `Buffer` objects exclusively. From now, streams are not anymore coupled to buffers and work with any kind of objects.

In Vert.x, calls to write item return immediately and writes are internally queued.

It’s not hard to see that if you write to an object faster than it can actually write the data to its underlying resource then the write queue could grow without bound - eventually resulting in exhausting available memory.

To solve this problem a simple flow control capability is provided by some objects in the Vert.x API.

Any flow control aware object that can be written-to implements `ReadStream`, and any flow control object that can be read-from is said to implement `WriteStream`.

Let’s take an example where we want to read from a `ReadStream` and write the data to a `WriteStream`.

A very simple example would be reading from a `NetSocket` on a server and writing back to the same `NetSocket` - since `NetSocket` implements both `ReadStream` and `WriteStream`, but you can do this between any `ReadStream` and any `WriteStream`, including HTTP requests and response, async files, WebSockets, etc.

A naive way to do this would be to directly take the data that’s been read and immediately write it to the `NetSocket`, for example:

    server = vertx.create_net_server({
      'port' => 1234,
      'host' => "localhost"
    })
    server.connect_handler() { |sock|
      sock.handler() { |buffer|
        # Write the data straight back
        sock.write(buffer)
      }
    }.listen()

There’s a problem with the above example: If data is read from the socket faster than it can be written back to the socket, it will build up in the write queue of the `NetSocket`, eventually running out of RAM. This might happen, for example if the client at the other end of the socket wasn’t reading very fast, effectively putting back-pressure on the connection.

Since `NetSocket` implements `WriteStream`, we can check if the `WriteStream` is full before writing to it:

    server = vertx.create_net_server({
      'port' => 1234,
      'host' => "localhost"
    })
    server.connect_handler() { |sock|
      sock.handler() { |buffer|
        if (!sock.write_queue_full?())
          sock.write(buffer)
        end
      }

    }.listen()

This example won’t run out of RAM but we’ll end up losing data if the write queue gets full. What we really want to do is pause the `NetSocket` when the write queue is full. Let’s do that:

    server = vertx.create_net_server({
      'port' => 1234,
      'host' => "localhost"
    })
    server.connect_handler() { |sock|
      sock.handler() { |buffer|
        sock.write(buffer)
        if (sock.write_queue_full?())
          sock.pause()
        end
      }
    }.listen()

We’re almost there, but not quite. The `NetSocket` now gets paused when the file is full, but we also need to unpause it when the write queue has processed its backlog:

    server = vertx.create_net_server({
      'port' => 1234,
      'host' => "localhost"
    })
    server.connect_handler() { |sock|
      sock.handler() { |buffer|
        sock.write(buffer)
        if (sock.write_queue_full?())
          sock.pause()
          sock.drain_handler() { |done|
            sock.resume()
          }
        end
      }
    }.listen()

And there we have it. The `drainHandler` event handler will get called when the write queue is ready to accept more data, this resumes the `NetSocket` which allows it to read more data.

It’s very common to want to do this when writing Vert.x applications, so we provide a helper class called `Pump` which does all this hard work for you. You just feed it the `ReadStream` and the `WriteStream` and it tell it to start:

    require 'vertx/pump'
    server = vertx.create_net_server({
      'port' => 1234,
      'host' => "localhost"
    })
    server.connect_handler() { |sock|
      Vertx::Pump.pump(sock, sock).start()
    }.listen()

Which does exactly the same thing as the more verbose example.

Let’s look at the methods on `ReadStream` and `WriteStream` in more detail:

### ReadStream

`ReadStream` is implemented by `HttpClientResponse`, `DatagramSocket`, `HttpClientRequest`, `HttpServerFileUpload`, `HttpServerRequest`, `HttpServerRequestStream`, `MessageConsumer`, `NetSocket`, `NetSocketStream`, `WebSocket`, `WebSocketStream`, `TimeoutStream`, `AsyncFile`.

Functions:

- `handler`: set a handler which will receive items from the ReadStream.

- `pause`: pause the handler. When paused no items will be received in the handler.

- `resume`: resume the handler. The handler will be called if any item arrives.

- `exceptionHandler`: Will be called if an exception occurs on the ReadStream.

- `endHandler`: Will be called when end of stream is reached. This might be when EOF is reached if the ReadStream represents a file, or when end of request is reached if it’s an HTTP request, or when the connection is closed if it’s a TCP socket.

### WriteStream

`WriteStream` is implemented by `HttpClientRequest`, `HttpServerResponse` `WebSocket`, `NetSocket`, `AsyncFile`, `PacketWritestream` and `MessageProducer`

Functions:

- `write`: write an object to the WriteStream. This method will never block. Writes are queued internally and asynchronously written to the underlying resource.

- `setWriteQueueMaxSize`: set the number of object at which the write queue is considered full, and the method `writeQueueFull` returns `true`. Note that, when the write queue is considered full, if write is called the data will still be accepted and queued. The actual number depends on the stream implementation, for `Buffer` the size represents the actual number of bytes written and not the number of buffers.

- `writeQueueFull`: returns `true` if the write queue is considered full.

- `exceptionHandler`: Will be called if an exception occurs on the `WriteStream`.

- `drainHandler`: The handler will be called if the `WriteStream` is considered no longer full.

### Pump

Instances of Pump have the following methods:

- `start`: Start the pump.

- `stop`: Stops the pump. When the pump starts it is in stopped mode.

- `setWriteQueueMaxSize`: This has the same meaning as `setWriteQueueMaxSize` on the `WriteStream`.

A pump can be started and stopped multiple times.

When a pump is first created it is not started. You need to call the `start()` method to start it.