# Reactive MSSQL Client

The Reactive MSSQL Client is a client for Microsoft SQL Server with a straightforward API focusing on scalability and low overhead.

Features

- Event driven

- Lightweight

- Built-in connection pooling

- Direct memory to object without unnecessary copies

- Java 8 Date and Time

- RxJava API

- SSL/TLS

- Cursor

- Row streaming

Not supported yet

- Prepared queries caching

- Some data types are not supported

## Usage

To use the Reactive MSSQL Client add the following dependency to the dependencies section of your build descriptor:

- Maven (in your `pom.xml`):

    <dependency>
     <groupId>io.vertx</groupId>
     <artifactId>vertx-mssql-client</artifactId>
     <version>4.3.0</version>
    </dependency>

- Gradle (in your `build.gradle` file):

    dependencies {
     compile 'io.vertx:vertx-mssql-client:4.3.0'
    }

## Getting started

Here is the simplest way to connect, query and disconnect

    MSSQLConnectOptions connectOptions = new MSSQLConnectOptions()
      .setPort(1433)
      .setHost("the-host")
      .setDatabase("the-db")
      .setUser("user")
      .setPassword("secret");

    // Pool options
    PoolOptions poolOptions = new PoolOptions()
      .setMaxSize(5);

    // Create the client pool
    MSSQLPool client = MSSQLPool.pool(connectOptions, poolOptions);

    // A simple query
    client
      .query("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id='julien'")
      .execute(ar -> {
      if (ar.succeeded()) {
        RowSet result = ar.result();
        System.out.println("Got " + result.size() + " rows ");
      } else {
        System.out.println("Failure: " + ar.cause().getMessage());
      }

      // Now close the pool
      client.close();
    });

## Connecting to SQL Server

Most of the time you will use a pool to connect to MSSQL:

    MSSQLConnectOptions connectOptions = new MSSQLConnectOptions()
      .setPort(1433)
      .setHost("the-host")
      .setDatabase("the-db")
      .setUser("user")
      .setPassword("secret");

    // Pool options
    PoolOptions poolOptions = new PoolOptions()
      .setMaxSize(5);

    // Create the pooled client
    MSSQLPool client = MSSQLPool.pool(connectOptions, poolOptions);

The pooled client uses a connection pool and any operation will borrow a connection from the pool to execute the operation and release it to the pool.

If you are running with Vert.x you can pass it your Vertx instance:

    MSSQLConnectOptions connectOptions = new MSSQLConnectOptions()
      .setPort(1433)
      .setHost("the-host")
      .setDatabase("the-db")
      .setUser("user")
      .setPassword("secret");

    // Pool options
    PoolOptions poolOptions = new PoolOptions()
      .setMaxSize(5);
    // Create the pooled client
    MSSQLPool client = MSSQLPool.pool(vertx, connectOptions, poolOptions);

You need to release the pool when you don’t need it anymore:

    pool.close();

When you need to execute several operations on the same connection, you need to use a client `connection`.

You can easily get one from the pool:

    MSSQLConnectOptions connectOptions = new MSSQLConnectOptions()
      .setPort(1433)
      .setHost("the-host")
      .setDatabase("the-db")
      .setUser("user")
      .setPassword("secret");

    // Pool options
    PoolOptions poolOptions = new PoolOptions()
      .setMaxSize(5);

    // Create the pooled client
    MSSQLPool client = MSSQLPool.pool(vertx, connectOptions, poolOptions);

    // Get a connection from the pool
    client.getConnection().compose(conn -> {
      System.out.println("Got a connection from the pool");

      // All operations execute on the same connection
      return conn
        .query("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id='julien'")
        .execute()
        .compose(res -> conn
          .query("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id='emad'")
          .execute())
        .onComplete(ar -> {
          // Release the connection to the pool
          conn.close();
        });
    }).onComplete(ar -> {
      if (ar.succeeded()) {

        System.out.println("Done");
      } else {
        System.out.println("Something went wrong " + ar.cause().getMessage());
      }
    });

Once you are done with the connection you must close it to release it to the pool, so it can be reused.

## Configuration

### Data Object

A simple way to configure the client is to specify a `MSSQLConnectOptions` data object.

    MSSQLConnectOptions connectOptions = new MSSQLConnectOptions()
      .setPort(1433)
      .setHost("the-host")
      .setDatabase("the-db")
      .setUser("user")
      .setPassword("secret");

    // Pool Options
    PoolOptions poolOptions = new PoolOptions().setMaxSize(5);

    // Create the pool from the data object
    MSSQLPool pool = MSSQLPool.pool(vertx, connectOptions, poolOptions);

    pool.getConnection(ar -> {
      // Handling your connection
    });

### Connection URI

As an alternative to configuring the client with a `MSSQLConnectOptions` data object, you can use a connection URI:

    String connectionUri = "sqlserver://dbuser:secretpassword@database.server.com:3211/mydb";

    // Create the pool from the connection URI
    MSSQLPool pool = MSSQLPool.pool(connectionUri);

    // Create the connection from the connection URI
    MSSQLConnection.connect(vertx, connectionUri, res -> {
      // Handling your connection
    });

The connection URI format is defined by the client in an idiomatic way: `sqlserver://[user[:[password]]@]host[:port][/database][?attribute1=value1&attribute2=value2…​]`

Currently, the client supports the following parameter keywords in connection uri (keys are case-insensitive):

- host

- port

- user

- password

- database

## Connect retries

You can configure the client to retry when a connection fails to be established.

    options
      .setReconnectAttempts(2)
      .setReconnectInterval(1000);

## Running queries

When you don’t need a transaction or run single queries, you can run queries directly on the pool; the pool will use one of its connection to run the query and return the result to you.

Here is how to run simple queries:

    client
      .query("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id='julien'")
      .execute(ar -> {
      if (ar.succeeded()) {
        RowSet<Row> result = ar.result();
        System.out.println("Got " + result.size() + " rows ");
      } else {
        System.out.println("Failure: " + ar.cause().getMessage());
      }
    });

### Prepared queries

You can do the same with prepared queries.

The SQL string can refer to parameters by position, using the database syntax `@p1`, `@p2`, etc…​

    client
      .preparedQuery("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id=@p1")
      .execute(Tuple.of("julien"), ar -> {
      if (ar.succeeded()) {
        RowSet<Row> rows = ar.result();
        System.out.println("Got " + rows.size() + " rows ");
      } else {
        System.out.println("Failure: " + ar.cause().getMessage());
      }
    });

Query methods provides an asynchronous `RowSet` instance that works for SELECT queries

    client
      .preparedQuery("SELECT first_name, last_name FROM users")
      .execute(ar -> {
      if (ar.succeeded()) {
        RowSet<Row> rows = ar.result();
        for (Row row : rows) {
          System.out.println("User " + row.getString(0) + " " + row.getString(1));
        }
      } else {
        System.out.println("Failure: " + ar.cause().getMessage());
      }
    });

or UPDATE/INSERT queries:

    client
      .preparedQuery("INSERT INTO users (first_name, last_name) VALUES (@p1, @p2)")
      .execute(Tuple.of("Julien", "Viet"), ar -> {
      if (ar.succeeded()) {
        RowSet<Row> rows = ar.result();
        System.out.println(rows.rowCount());
      } else {
        System.out.println("Failure: " + ar.cause().getMessage());
      }
    });

The `Row` gives you access to your data by index

    System.out.println("User " + row.getString(0) + " " + row.getString(1));

or by name

    System.out.println("User " + row.getString("first_name") + " " + row.getString("last_name"));

The client will not do any magic here and the column name is identified with the name in the table regardless of how your SQL text is.

You can access a wide variety of of types

    String firstName = row.getString("first_name");
    Boolean male = row.getBoolean("male");
    Integer age = row.getInteger("age");

You can use cached prepared statements to execute one-shot prepared queries:

    connectOptions.setCachePreparedStatements(true);
    client
      .preparedQuery("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = @p1")
      .execute(Tuple.of("julien"), ar -> {
        if (ar.succeeded()) {
          RowSet<Row> rows = ar.result();
          System.out.println("Got " + rows.size() + " rows ");
        } else {
          System.out.println("Failure: " + ar.cause().getMessage());
        }
      });

You can create a `PreparedStatement` and manage the lifecycle by yourself.

    sqlConnection
      .prepare("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = @p1", ar -> {
        if (ar.succeeded()) {
          PreparedStatement preparedStatement = ar.result();
          preparedStatement.query()
            .execute(Tuple.of("julien"), ar2 -> {
              if (ar2.succeeded()) {
                RowSet<Row> rows = ar2.result();
                System.out.println("Got " + rows.size() + " rows ");
                preparedStatement.close();
              } else {
                System.out.println("Failure: " + ar2.cause().getMessage());
              }
            });
        } else {
          System.out.println("Failure: " + ar.cause().getMessage());
        }
      });

### Batches

You can execute prepared batch

    List<Tuple> batch = new ArrayList<>();
    batch.add(Tuple.of("julien", "Julien Viet"));
    batch.add(Tuple.of("emad", "Emad Alblueshi"));

    // Execute the prepared batch
    client
      .preparedQuery("INSERT INTO USERS (id, name) VALUES (@p1, @p2)")
      .executeBatch(batch, res -> {
      if (res.succeeded()) {

        // Process rows
        RowSet<Row> rows = res.result();
      } else {
        System.out.println("Batch failed " + res.cause());
      }
    });

## Working with `identity` columns

You can retrieve the value of an `identity` column after inserting new data using the `OUTPUT` clause:

    client
      .preparedQuery("INSERT INTO movies (title) OUTPUT INSERTED.id VALUES (@p1)")
      .execute(Tuple.of("The Man Who Knew Too Much"), res -> {
        if (res.succeeded()) {
          Row row = res.result().iterator().next();
          System.out.println(row.getLong("id"));
        }
      });

## Using connections

### Getting a connection

When you need to execute sequential queries (without a transaction), you can create a new connection or borrow one from the pool. Remember that between acquiring the connection from the pool and returning it to the pool, you should take care of the connection because it might be closed by the server for some reason such as an idle time out.

    pool
      .getConnection()
      .compose(connection ->
        connection
          .preparedQuery("INSERT INTO Users (first_name,last_name) VALUES (@p1, @p2)")
          .executeBatch(Arrays.asList(
            Tuple.of("Julien", "Viet"),
            Tuple.of("Emad", "Alblueshi")
          ))
          .compose(res -> connection
            // Do something with rows
            .query("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Users")
            .execute()
            .map(rows -> rows.iterator().next().getInteger(0)))
          // Return the connection to the pool
          .eventually(v -> connection.close())
      ).onSuccess(count -> {
      System.out.println("Insert users, now the number of users is " + count);
    });

Prepared queries can be created:

    connection
      .prepare("SELECT * FROM users WHERE first_name LIKE @p1")
      .compose(pq ->
        pq.query()
          .execute(Tuple.of("Julien"))
          .eventually(v -> pq.close())
      ).onSuccess(rows -> {
      // All rows
    });

### Simplified connection API

When you use a pool, you can call `withConnection` to pass it a function executed within a connection.

It borrows a connection from the pool and calls the function with this connection.

The function must return a future of an arbitrary result.

After the future completes, the connection is returned to the pool and the overall result is provided.

    pool.withConnection(connection ->
      connection
        .preparedQuery("INSERT INTO Users (first_name,last_name) VALUES (@p1, @p2)")
        .executeBatch(Arrays.asList(
          Tuple.of("Julien", "Viet"),
          Tuple.of("Emad", "Alblueshi")
        ))
        .compose(res -> connection
          // Do something with rows
          .query("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Users")
          .execute()
          .map(rows -> rows.iterator().next().getInteger(0)))
    ).onSuccess(count -> {
      System.out.println("Insert users, now the number of users is " + count);
    });

## Using transactions

### Transactions with connections

You can execute transaction using SQL `BEGIN`/`COMMIT`/`ROLLBACK`, if you do so you must use a `SqlConnection` and manage it yourself.

Or you can use the transaction API of `SqlConnection`:

    pool.getConnection()
      // Transaction must use a connection
      .onSuccess(conn -> {
        // Begin the transaction
        conn.begin()
          .compose(tx -> conn
            // Various statements
            .query("INSERT INTO Users (first_name,last_name) VALUES ('Julien','Viet')")
            .execute()
            .compose(res2 -> conn
              .query("INSERT INTO Users (first_name,last_name) VALUES ('Emad','Alblueshi')")
              .execute())
            // Commit the transaction
            .compose(res3 -> tx.commit()))
          // Return the connection to the pool
          .eventually(v -> conn.close())
          .onSuccess(v -> System.out.println("Transaction succeeded"))
          .onFailure(err -> System.out.println("Transaction failed: " + err.getMessage()));
      });

When the database server reports the current transaction is failed (e.g the infamous current transaction is aborted, commands ignored until end of transaction block), the transaction is rollbacked and the `completion` future is failed with a `TransactionRollbackException`:

    tx.completion()
      .onFailure(err -> {
        System.out.println("Transaction failed => rolled back");
      });

### Simplified transaction API

When you use a pool, you can call `withTransaction` to pass it a function executed within a transaction.

It borrows a connection from the pool, begins the transaction and calls the function with a client executing all operations in the scope of this transaction.

The function must return a future of an arbitrary result:

- when the future succeeds the client will commit the transaction

- when the future fails the client will rollback the transaction

After the transaction completes, the connection is returned to the pool and the overall result is provided.

    pool.withTransaction(client -> client
      .query("INSERT INTO Users (first_name,last_name) VALUES ('Julien','Viet')")
      .execute()
      .flatMap(res -> client
        .query("INSERT INTO Users (first_name,last_name) VALUES ('Julien','Viet')")
        .execute()
        // Map to a message result
        .map("Users inserted")))
      .onSuccess(v -> System.out.println("Transaction succeeded"))
      .onFailure(err -> System.out.println("Transaction failed: " + err.getMessage()));

## Cursors and streaming

By default prepared query execution fetches all rows, you can use a `Cursor` to control the amount of rows you want to read:

    connection.prepare("SELECT * FROM users WHERE age > @p1", ar1 -> {
      if (ar1.succeeded()) {
        PreparedStatement pq = ar1.result();

        // Create a cursor
        Cursor cursor = pq.cursor(Tuple.of(18));

        // Read 50 rows
        cursor.read(50, ar2 -> {
          if (ar2.succeeded()) {
            RowSet<Row> rows = ar2.result();

            // Check for more ?
            if (cursor.hasMore()) {
              // Repeat the process...
            } else {
              // No more rows - close the cursor
              cursor.close();
            }
          }
        });
      }
    });

Cursors shall be closed when they are released prematurely:

    cursor.read(50, ar2 -> {
      if (ar2.succeeded()) {
        // Close the cursor
        cursor.close();
      }
    });

A stream API is also available for cursors, which can be more convenient, specially with the Rxified version.

    connection.prepare("SELECT * FROM users WHERE age > @p1", ar1 -> {
      if (ar1.succeeded()) {
        PreparedStatement pq = ar1.result();

        // Fetch 50 rows at a time
        RowStream<Row> stream = pq.createStream(50, Tuple.of(18));

        // Use the stream
        stream.exceptionHandler(err -> {
          System.out.println("Error: " + err.getMessage());
        });
        stream.endHandler(v -> {
          System.out.println("End of stream");
        });
        stream.handler(row -> {
          System.out.println("User: " + row.getString("last_name"));
        });
      }
    });

The stream read the rows by batch of `50` and stream them, when the rows have been passed to the handler, a new batch of `50` is read and so on.

The stream can be resumed or paused, the loaded rows will remain in memory until they are delivered and the cursor will stop iterating.

## Tracing queries

The SQL client can trace query execution when Vert.x has tracing enabled.

The client reports the following client spans:

- `Query` operation name

- tags

- `db.user`: the database username

- `db.instance`: the database instance

- `db.statement`: the SQL query

- `db.type`: sql

The default tracing policy is `PROPAGATE`, the client will only create a span when involved in an active trace.

You can change the client policy with `setTracingPolicy`, e.g you can set `ALWAYS` to always report a span:

    options.setTracingPolicy(TracingPolicy.ALWAYS);

## Data types supported

Currently, the client supports the following SQL Server types:

- TINYINT(`java.lang.Short`)

- SMALLINT(`java.lang.Short`)

- INT(`java.lang.Integer`)

- BIGINT(`java.lang.Long`)

- BIT(`java.lang.Boolean`)

- REAL(`java.lang.Float`)

- DOUBLE(`java.lang.Double`)

- NUMERIC/DECIMAL(`BigDecimal`)

- CHAR/VARCHAR(`java.lang.String`)

- NCHAR/NVARCHAR(`java.lang.String`)

- DATE(`java.time.LocalDate`)

- TIME(`java.time.LocalTime`)

- SMALLDATETIME(`java.time.LocalDateTime`)

- DATETIME(`java.time.LocalDateTime`)

- DATETIME2(`java.time.LocalDateTime`)

- DATETIMEOFFSET(`java.time.OffsetDateTime`)

- BINARY/VARBINARY(`io.vertx.core.buffer.Buffer`)

- MONEY (`BigDecimal`)

- SMALLMONEY (`BigDecimal`)

- GUID (`UUID`)

Tuple decoding uses the above types when storing values.

### Using Java `enum` types

SQL Server does not have `ENUM` data type, but the client can map the retrieved string/numeric data type to enum.

You can encode Java enums like this:

    client
      .preparedQuery("INSERT INTO colors VALUES (@p1)")
      .execute(Tuple.of(Color.red),  res -> {
        // ...
      });

You can decode a Java enum like this:

    client
      .preparedQuery("SELECT color FROM colors")
      .execute()
      .onComplete(res -> {
        if (res.succeeded()) {
          RowSet<Row> rows = res.result();
          for (Row row : rows) {
            System.out.println(row.get(Color.class, "color"));
          }
        }
      });

### Handling `NULL`

If you modify a `Tuple` with one of the `addXXX` methods, `null` values are handled transparently.

The client can infer the right SQL type when executing a prepared query:

    Tuple tuple = Tuple.tuple()
      .addInteger(17)
      .addString("The Man Who Knew Too Much")
      .addString(null);
    client
      .preparedQuery("INSERT INTO movies (id, title, plot) VALUES (@p1, @p2, @p3)")
      .execute(tuple, res -> {
        // ...
      });

Otherwise, you should declare the type explicitely using one of the `NullValue` constants or the `NullValue.of` method:

    Tuple tuple = Tuple.of(17, "The Man Who Knew Too Much", NullValue.String);
    client
      .preparedQuery("INSERT INTO movies (id, title, plot) VALUES (@p1, @p2, @p3)")
      .execute(tuple, res -> {
        // ...
      });

## Collector queries

You can use Java collectors with the query API:

    Collector<Row, ?, Map<Long, String>> collector = Collectors.toMap(
      row -> row.getLong("id"),
      row -> row.getString("last_name"));

    // Run the query with the collector
    client.query("SELECT * FROM users")
      .collecting(collector)
      .execute(ar -> {
        if (ar.succeeded()) {
          SqlResult<Map<Long, String>> result = ar.result();

          // Get the map created by the collector
          Map<Long, String> map = result.value();
          System.out.println("Got " + map);
        } else {
          System.out.println("Failure: " + ar.cause().getMessage());
        }
      });

The collector processing must not keep a reference on the `Row` as there is a single row used for processing the entire set.

The Java `Collectors` provides many interesting predefined collectors, for example you can create easily create a string directly from the row set:

    Collector<Row, ?, String> collector = Collectors.mapping(
      row -> row.getString("last_name"),
      Collectors.joining(",", "(", ")")
    );

    // Run the query with the collector
    client.query("SELECT * FROM users")
      .collecting(collector)
      .execute(ar -> {
        if (ar.succeeded()) {
          SqlResult<String> result = ar.result();

          // Get the string created by the collector
          String list = result.value();
          System.out.println("Got " + list);
        } else {
          System.out.println("Failure: " + ar.cause().getMessage());
        }
      });

## Using SSL/TLS

### Encryption level negotiation

When a connection is established, the client and the server negotiate the encryption level.

The negotiated level depends on the client config in `MSSQLConnectOptions` and the server config:

- no encryption: if `ssl` is set to `false` in client options, and the server does not support encryption

- encrypt login packet only: if `ssl` is set to `false` in client options, and the server supports encryption

- encrypt entire connection: if `ssl` is set to `true` in client options, or the server requires encryption

Note | The negotiation fails if `ssl` is set to `true` in client options, and the server does not support encryption. In this case, the client terminates the connection.

### Configuration

To configure `ssl` in client options, use the `setSsl` method. By default, `ssl` is set to `false`.

    MSSQLConnectOptions connectOptions = new MSSQLConnectOptions().setSsl(true);

When `ssl` is set to `false`, the client trusts all server certificates. Otherwise, it performs hostname validation.

If `ssl` is set to true in client options, and the server uses a self-signed certificate, hostname validation can be disabled:

    MSSQLConnectOptions connectOptions = new MSSQLConnectOptions()
      .setSsl(true)
      .setTrustAll(true);

Alternatively, the client can be configured to trust the server certificate with `TrustOptions`. For example, `PemTrustOptions` can be used if a PEM file contains the server certificate:

    MSSQLConnectOptions connectOptions = new MSSQLConnectOptions()
      .setSsl(true)
      .setPemTrustOptions(new PemTrustOptions().addCertPath("/path/to/server-cert.pem"));

For further details about SSL support in Vert.x, please refer to the Vert.x Core documentation.

## Pool sharing

You can share an pool between multiple verticles or instances of the same verticle. Such pool should be created outside a verticle otherwise it will be closed when the verticle that created it is undeployed

    MSSQLPool pool = MSSQLPool.pool(database, new PoolOptions().setMaxSize(maxSize));
    vertx.deployVerticle(() -> new AbstractVerticle() {
      @Override
      public void start() throws Exception {
        // Use the pool
      }
    }, new DeploymentOptions().setInstances(4));

You can also create a shared pool in each verticle:

    vertx.deployVerticle(() -> new AbstractVerticle() {
      MSSQLPool pool;
      @Override
      public void start() {
        // Get or create a shared pool
        // this actually creates a lease to the pool
        // when the verticle is undeployed, the lease will be released automaticaly
        pool = MSSQLPool.pool(database, new PoolOptions()
          .setMaxSize(maxSize)
          .setShared(true)
          .setName("my-pool"));
      }
    }, new DeploymentOptions().setInstances(4));

The first time a shared pool is created it will create the resources for the pool. Subsequent calls will reuse this pool and create a lease to this pool. The resources are disposed after all leases have been closed.

By default, a pool reuses the current event-loop when it needs to create a TCP connection. The shared pool will therefore randomly use event-loops of verticles using it.

You can assign a number of event loop a pool will use independently of the context using it

    MSSQLPool pool = MSSQLPool.pool(database, new PoolOptions()
      .setMaxSize(maxSize)
      .setShared(true)
      .setName("my-pool")
      .setEventLoopSize(4));

## Advanced pool configuration

### Server load balancing

You can configure the pool with a list of servers instead of a single server.

    MSSQLPool pool = MSSQLPool.pool(Arrays.asList(server1, server2, server3), options);

The pool uses a round-robin load balancing when a connection is created to select different servers.

Note | this provides load balancing when the connection is created and not when the connection is borrowed from the pool.

### Pool connection initialization

You can use the `connectHandler` to interact with a connection after it has been created and before it is inserted in the pool.

    pool.connectHandler(conn -> {
      conn.query(sql).execute().onSuccess(res -> {
        // Release the connection to the pool, ready to be used by the application
        conn.close();
      });
    });

Once you are done with the connection, you should simply close it to signal the pool to use it.