= Vert.x Service Proxy

When you compose a Vert.x application, you may want to isolate a functionality somewhere and make it available to
the rest of your application. That's the main purpose of service proxies. It lets you expose a _service_ on the
event bus, so, any other Vert.x component can consume it, as soon as they know the _address_ on which the service
is published.

A _service_ is described with a Java interface containing methods following the _async pattern_. Under the hood,
messages are sent on the event bus to invoke the service and get the response back. But for ease of use,
it generates a _proxy_ that you can invoke directly (using the API from the service interface).


== Using Vert.x service proxies

To *use* Vert.x Service Proxies, add the following dependency to the _dependencies_ section of
your build descriptor:

* Maven (in your `pom.xml`):

[source,xml,subs="+attributes"]
----
<dependency>
  <groupId>io.vertx</groupId>
  <artifactId>vertx-service-proxy</artifactId>
  <version>5.0.2</version>
</dependency>
----

* Gradle (in your `build.gradle` file):

[source,groovy,subs="+attributes"]
----
compile 'io.vertx:vertx-service-proxy:5.0.2'
----

To *implement* service proxies, also add:

* Maven (in your `pom.xml`):

[source,xml,subs="+attributes"]
----
<dependency>
  <groupId>io.vertx</groupId>
  <artifactId>vertx-codegen</artifactId>
  <version>5.0.2</version>
  <classifier>processor</classifier>
  <scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>
----

* Gradle < 5 (in your `build.gradle` file):

[source,groovy,subs="+attributes"]
----
compileOnly 'io.vertx:vertx-codegen:5.0.2'
----
* Gradle >= 5 (in your `build.gradle` file):

[source,groovy,subs="+attributes"]
----
annotationProcessor 'io.vertx:vertx-codegen:5.0.2:processor'
annotationProcessor 'io.vertx:vertx-service-proxy:5.0.2'
----

Be aware that as the service proxy mechanism relies on code generation, so modifications to the _service interface_
require to re-compile the sources to regenerate the code.

To generate the proxies in different languages, you will need to add the _language_ dependency such as
`vertx-lang-groovy` for Groovy.

== Introduction to service proxies

Let's have a look at service proxies and why they can be useful. Let's imagine you have a _database service_
exposed on the event bus, you should do something like this:

[source,java]
----
JsonObject message = new JsonObject();

message
  .put("collection", "mycollection")
  .put("document", new JsonObject().put("name", "tim"));

DeliveryOptions options = new DeliveryOptions().addHeader("action", "save");

vertx.eventBus()
  .request("database-service-address", message, options)
  .onSuccess(msg -> {
    // done
  }).onFailure(err -> {
    // failure
  });
----

When creating a service there's a certain amount of boilerplate code to listen on the event bus for incoming
messages, route them to the appropriate method and return results on the event bus.

With Vert.x service proxies, you can avoid writing all that boilerplate code and concentrate on writing your service.

You write your service as a Java interface and annotate it with the `@ProxyGen` annotation, for example:

[source,java]
----
@ProxyGen
public interface SomeDatabaseService {

  // A couple of factory methods to create an instance and a proxy
  static SomeDatabaseService create(Vertx vertx) {
    return new SomeDatabaseServiceImpl(vertx);
  }

  static SomeDatabaseService createProxy(Vertx vertx,
    String address) {
    return new SomeDatabaseServiceVertxEBProxy(vertx, address);
  }

 // Actual service operations here...
 Future<Void> save(String collection, JsonObject document);
}
----

You will also need a `package-info.java` file somewhere in (or above) the package your interface is defined in.
That package needs to be annotated with `@ModuleGen` so that Vert.x CodeGen can recognize your interfaces and generate
the appropriate EventBus proxy code.

.package-info.java
[source,java]
----
@io.vertx.codegen.annotations.ModuleGen(groupPackage = "io.vertx.example", name = "services")
package io.vertx.example;
----

Given the interface, Vert.x will generate all the boilerplate code required to access your service over the event
bus, and it will also generate a *client side proxy* for your service, so your clients can use a rich idiomatic
API for your service instead of having to manually craft event bus messages to send. The client side proxy will
work irrespective of where your service actually lives on the event bus (potentially on a different machine).

That means you can interact with your service like this:

[source,java]
----
SomeDatabaseService service = SomeDatabaseService
  .createProxy(vertx, "database-service-address");

// Save some data in the database - this time using the proxy
service.save(
  "mycollection",
  new JsonObject().put("name", "tim")).onComplete(
  res2 -> {
    if (res2.succeeded()) {
      // done
    }
  });
----

You can also combine `@ProxyGen` with language API code generation (`@VertxGen`) in order to create service stubs
in any of the languages supported by Vert.x - this means you can write your service once in Java and interact with it
through an idiomatic other language API irrespective of whether the service lives locally or is somewhere else on
the event bus entirely. For this don't forget to add the dependency on your language in your build descriptor:

[source, java]
----
@ProxyGen // Generate service proxies
@VertxGen // Generate the clients
public interface SomeDatabaseService {
  // ...
}
----

== Async interface

To be used by the service-proxy generation, the _service interface_ must comply to a couple of rules. First it
should follow the async pattern. To return a result, the method should declare a `Future<ResultType>` return type.
`ResultType` can be another proxy (and so a proxies can be factories for other proxies).

Let's see an example:

[source,java]
----
@ProxyGen
public interface SomeDatabaseService {

 // A couple of factory methods to create an instance and a proxy

 static SomeDatabaseService create(Vertx vertx) {
   return new SomeDatabaseServiceImpl(vertx);
 }

 static SomeDatabaseService createProxy(Vertx vertx, String address) {
   return new SomeDatabaseServiceVertxEBProxy(vertx, address);
 }

 // A method notifying the completion without a result (void)
 Future<Void> save(String collection, JsonObject document);

 // A method providing a result (a json object)
 Future<JsonObject> findOne(String collection, JsonObject query);

 // Create a connection
 Future<MyDatabaseConnection> createConnection(String shoeSize);

}
----

with:

[source,java]
----
@ProxyGen
@VertxGen
public interface MyDatabaseConnection {

 void insert(JsonObject someData);

 Future<Void> commit();

 @ProxyClose
 void close();
}
----

You can also declare that a particular method unregisters the proxy by annotating it with the `@ProxyClose`
annotation. The proxy instance is disposed when this method is called.

More constraints on the _service interfaces_ are described below.

== Security

Service proxies can perform basic security using a simple interceptor. A authentication provider must be provided,
optionally `Authorization`s can be added and in this case an `AuthorizationProvider` must also be present. Note that
the authentication works based on tokens, that are extracted from the `auth-token` header.

[source, java]
----
SomeDatabaseService service = new SomeDatabaseServiceImpl();
// Register the handler
new ServiceBinder(vertx)
  .setAddress("database-service-address")
  // Secure the messages in transit
  .addInterceptor(
    "action",
    // Tokens will be validated using JWT authentication
    AuthenticationInterceptor.create(
      JWTAuth.create(vertx, new JWTAuthOptions())))
  .addInterceptor(
    AuthorizationInterceptor.create(JWTAuthorization.create("permissions"))
      // optionally we can secure permissions too:
      // an admin
      .addAuthorization(RoleBasedAuthorization.create("admin"))
      // that can print
      .addAuthorization(PermissionBasedAuthorization.create("print")))
  .register(SomeDatabaseService.class, service);
----

== Code generation

Service annotated with `@ProxyGen` annotation trigger the generation of the service helper classes:

- The service proxy: a compile time generated proxy that uses the `EventBus` to interact with the service via messages
- The service handler: a compile time generated `EventBus` handler that reacts to events sent by the proxy

Generated proxies and handlers are named after the service class, for example if the service is named `MyService`
the handler is called `MyServiceProxyHandler` and the proxy is called `MyServiceEBProxy`.

In addition Vert.x Core provides a generator creating data object converters to ease data object usage in
service proxies. Such converter provides a basis for the `JsonObject` constructor and the `toJson()` method
that are necessary for using data objects in service proxies.

The _codegen_ annotation processor generates these classes at compilation time. It is a feature of the Java
compiler so _no extra step_ is required, it is just a matter of configuring correctly your build:

Just add the `io.vertx:vertx-codegen:processor` and `io.vertx:vertx-service-proxy`
dependencies to your build.

Here a configuration example for Maven:

[source,xml]
----
<dependency>
  <groupId>io.vertx</groupId>
  <artifactId>vertx-codegen</artifactId>
  <version>5.0.2</version>
  <classifier>processor</classifier>
</dependency>
<dependency>
  <groupId>io.vertx</groupId>
  <artifactId>vertx-service-proxy</artifactId>
  <version>5.0.2</version>
</dependency>
----

This feature can also be used in Gradle:

[source]
----
compile "io.vertx:vertx-codegen:5.0.2:processor"
compile "io.vertx:vertx-service-proxy:5.0.2"
----

IDE provides usually support for annotation processors.

The codegen `processor` classifier adds to the jar the automatic configuration of the service proxy annotation processor
via the `META-INF/services` plugin mechanism.

If you want you can use it too with the regular jar but you need then to declare the annotation processor
explicitly, for instance in Maven:

[source,xml]
----
<plugin>
  <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
  <configuration>
    <annotationProcessors>
      <annotationProcessor>io.vertx.codegen.CodeGenProcessor</annotationProcessor>
    </annotationProcessors>
  </configuration>
</plugin>
----

== Exposing your service

Once you have your _service interface_, compile the source to generate the stub and proxies. Then, you need some
code to "register" your service on the event bus:

[source, java]
----
SomeDatabaseService service = new SomeDatabaseServiceImpl();
// Register the handler
new ServiceBinder(vertx)
  .setAddress("database-service-address")
  .register(SomeDatabaseService.class, service);
----

This can be done in a verticle, or anywhere in your code.

Once registered, the service becomes accessible. If you are running your application on a cluster, the service is
available from any host.

To withdraw your service, use the `link:../../apidocs/io/vertx/serviceproxy/ServiceBinder.html#unregister-io.vertx.core.eventbus.MessageConsumer-[unregister]`
method:

[source, java]
----
ServiceBinder binder = new ServiceBinder(vertx);

// Create an instance of your service implementation
SomeDatabaseService service = new SomeDatabaseServiceImpl();
// Register the handler
MessageConsumer<JsonObject> consumer = binder
  .setAddress("database-service-address")
  .register(SomeDatabaseService.class, service);

// ....

// Unregister your service.
binder.unregister(consumer);
----

== Proxy creation

Now that the service is exposed, you probably want to consume it. For this, you need to create a proxy. The proxy
can be created using the `link:../../apidocs/io/vertx/serviceproxy/ServiceProxyBuilder.html[ServiceProxyBuilder]` class:

[source, java]
----
ServiceProxyBuilder builder = new ServiceProxyBuilder(vertx)
  .setAddress("database-service-address");

SomeDatabaseService service = builder.build(SomeDatabaseService.class);
// or with delivery options:
SomeDatabaseService service2 = builder.setOptions(options)
  .build(SomeDatabaseService.class);
----

The second method takes an instance of `link:../../apidocs/io/vertx/core/eventbus/DeliveryOptions.html[DeliveryOptions]` where you can configure the
message delivery (such as the timeout).

Alternatively, you can use the generated proxy class. The proxy class name is the _service interface_ class name
followed by `VertxEBProxy`. For instance, if your _service interface_ is named `SomeDatabaseService`, the proxy
class is named `SomeDatabaseServiceVertxEBProxy`.

Generally, _service interface_ contains a `createProxy` static method to create the proxy. But this is not required:

[source,java]
----
@ProxyGen
public interface SomeDatabaseService {

 // Method to create the proxy.
 static SomeDatabaseService createProxy(Vertx vertx, String address) {
   return new SomeDatabaseServiceVertxEBProxy(vertx, address);
 }

 // ...
}
----

== Error Handling

Service methods may return errors to the client by passing a failed `Future` containing a `link:../../apidocs/io/vertx/serviceproxy/ServiceException.html[ServiceException]`
instance to the method's `Handler`. A `ServiceException` contains an `int` failure code, a message, and an optional
`JsonObject` containing any extra information deemed important to return to the caller. For convenience, the
`link:../../apidocs/io/vertx/serviceproxy/ServiceException.html#fail-int-java.lang.String-[ServiceException.fail]` factory method can be used to create an instance of
`ServiceException` already wrapped in a failed `Future`. For example:

[source,java]
----
public class SomeDatabaseServiceImpl implements SomeDatabaseService {

  private static final BAD_SHOE_SIZE = 42;
  private static final CONNECTION_FAILED = 43;

  // Create a connection
  public Future<MyDatabaseConnection> createConnection(String shoeSize) {
    if (!shoeSize.equals("9")) {
      return Future.failedFuture(ServiceException.fail(BAD_SHOE_SIZE, "The shoe size must be 9!",
        new JsonObject().put("shoeSize", shoeSize)));
     } else {
        return doDbConnection().recover(err -> Future.failedFuture(ServiceException.fail(CONNECTION_FAILED, result.cause().getMessage())));
     }
  }
}
----

The client side can then check if the `Throwable` it receives from a failed `Future` is a `ServiceException`,
and if so, check the specific error code inside. It can use this information to differentiate business logic
errors from system errors (like the service not being registered with the Event Bus), and to determine exactly
which business logic error occurred.

[source,java]
----
public Future<JsonObject> foo(String shoeSize) {
  SomeDatabaseService service = SomeDatabaseService.createProxy(vertx, SERVICE_ADDRESS);
  server.createConnection("8")
    .compose(connection -> {
      // Do success stuff.
      return doSuccessStuff(connection);
    })
    .recover(err -> {
      if (err instanceof ServiceException) {
        ServiceException exc = (ServiceException) err;
        if (exc.failureCode() == SomeDatabaseServiceImpl.BAD_SHOE_SIZE) {
          return Future.failedFuture(
            new InvalidInputError("You provided a bad shoe size: " +
              exc.getDebugInfo().getString("shoeSize")));
        } else if (exc.failureCode() == SomeDatabaseServiceImpl.CONNECTION) {
          return Future.failedFuture(new ConnectionError("Failed to connect to the DB"));
        }
      } else {
        // Must be a system error (e.g. No service registered for the proxy)
        return Future.failedFuture(new SystemError("An unexpected error occurred: + " result.cause().getMessage()));
      }
    });
}
----

If desired, service implementations may also return a sub-class of `ServiceException`, as long as a
default `MessageCodec` is registered for it . For example, given the following `ServiceException` sub-class:

[source,java]
----
class ShoeSizeException extends ServiceException {
  public static final BAD_SHOE_SIZE_ERROR = 42;

  private final String shoeSize;

  public ShoeSizeException(String shoeSize) {
    super(BAD_SHOE_SIZE_ERROR, "In invalid shoe size was received: " + shoeSize);
    this.shoeSize = shoeSize;
  }

  public String getShoeSize() {
    return extra;
  }

  public static <T> Future<T> fail(int failureCode, String message, String shoeSize) {
    return Future.failedFuture(new MyServiceException(failureCode, message, shoeSize));
  }
}
----

As long as a default `MessageCodec` is registered, the Service implementation can return the custom
exception directly to the caller:

[source,java]
----
public class SomeDatabaseServiceImpl implements SomeDatabaseService {
  public SomeDataBaseServiceImpl(Vertx vertx) {
    // Register on the service side. If using a local event bus, this is all
    // that's required, since the proxy side will share the same Vertx instance.
  SomeDatabaseService service = SomeDatabaseService.createProxy(vertx, SERVICE_ADDRESS);
    vertx.eventBus().registerDefaultCodec(ShoeSizeException.class,
      new ShoeSizeExceptionMessageCodec());
  }

  // Create a connection
  Future<MyDatabaseConnection> createConnection(String shoeSize) {
    if (!shoeSize.equals("9")) {
      return ShoeSizeException.fail(shoeSize);
    } else {
      // Create the connection here
      return Future.succeededFuture(myDbConnection);
    }
  }
}
----
Finally, the client can now check for the custom exception:

[source,java]
----
public Future<JsonObject> foo(String shoeSize) {
  // If this code is running on a different node in the cluster, the
  // ShoeSizeExceptionMessageCodec will need to be registered with the
  // Vertx instance on this node, too.
  SomeDatabaseService service = SomeDatabaseService.createProxy(vertx, SERVICE_ADDRESS);
  service.createConnection("8")
    .compose(connection -> {
      // Do success stuff.
      return doSuccessStuff(connection);
    })
    .recover(err -> {
      if (result.cause() instanceof ShoeSizeException) {
        ShoeSizeException exc = (ShoeSizeException) result.cause();
        return Future.failedFuture(
          new InvalidInputError("You provided a bad shoe size: " + exc.getShoeSize()));
      } else {
        // Must be a system error (e.g. No service registered for the proxy)
        return Future.failedFuture(
          new SystemError("An unexpected error occurred: + " result.cause().getMessage())
        );
      }
    });
}
----

Note that if you're clustering `Vertx` instances, you'll need to register the custom Exception's `MessageCodec`
with each `Vertx` instance in the cluster.

== Restrictions for service interface

There are restrictions on the types and return values that can be used in a service method so that these are easy to
marshall over event bus messages and so they can be used asynchronously. They are:

=== Data types

Let `JSON` = `JsonObject | JsonArray`
Let `PRIMITIVE` = Any primitive type or boxed primitive type

Parameters can be any of:

* `JSON`
* `PRIMITIVE`
* `List<JSON>`
* `List<PRIMITIVE>`
* `Set<JSON>`
* `Set<PRIMITIVE>`
* `Map<String, JSON>`
* `Map<String, PRIMITIVE>`
* Any _Enum_ type
* Any class annotated with `@DataObject`

Asynchronous results are modelled as `Future<R>`

`R` can be any of:

* `JSON`
* `PRIMITIVE`
* `List<JSON>`
* `List<PRIMITIVE>`
* `Set<JSON>`
* `Set<PRIMITIVE>`
* Any _Enum_ type
* Any class annotated with `@DataObject`
* Another proxy

=== Overloaded methods

There must be no overloaded service methods. (_i.e._ more than one with the same name, regardless the signature).

== Convention for invoking services over the event bus (without proxies)

Service Proxies assume that event bus messages follow a certain format so they can be used to invoke services.

Of course, you don't *have to* use client proxies to access remote service if you don't want to. It's perfectly acceptable
to interact with them by just sending messages over the event bus.

In order for services to be interacted with a consistent way the following message formats *must be used* for any
Vert.x services.

The format is very simple:

* There should be a header called `action` which gives the name of the action to perform.
* The body of the message should be a `JsonObject`, there should be one field in the object for each argument needed by the action.

For example to invoke an action called `save` which expects a String collection and a JsonObject document:

----
Headers:
    "action": "save"
Body:
    {
        "collection", "mycollection",
        "document", {
            "name": "tim"
        }
    }
----

The above convention should be used whether or not service proxies are used to create services, as it allows services
to be interacted with consistently.

In the case where service proxies are used the "action" value should map to the name of an action method in the
service interface and each `[key, value]` in the body should map to a `[arg_name, arg_value]` in the action method.

For return values the service should use the `message.reply(...)` method to send back a return value - this can be of
any type supported by the event bus. To signal a failure the method `message.fail(...)` should be used.

If you are using service proxies the generated code will handle this for you automatically.